2020年2月19日水曜日

TRAMES, 2018, 22(72/67), 4, 407–424

A LARGE-SCALE STUDY OF WORLD MYTHS

Marc Thuillard1, Jean-Loïc Le Quellec2,3, Julien d’Huy2, Yuri Berezkin4

1La Colline, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland, 2IMAf UMR 8171, CNRS, F – Paris, France, 3University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and 4Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences and European University at Saint Petersburg

Abstract. The study of the narrative elements in tales and myths (motifs) belongs to a long tradition, initially aimed at finding the area of origin of early narratives (Urtexts). This objective, which has been much criticized, is generally abandoned today, but is it possible to establish the basis for an objectively verifiable mythogeography? Computer technology enables sophisticated mathematical computations on databases of an unprecedented scale, which makes it possible to base the comparative mythology on replicable calculation processes. In order to check for several subsets of motifs that could be specific to particular zones or continents, we test here two new methods on a corpus of 2264 motifs from ca.

myths recorded among 934 peoples around the globe, and we show that these motifs are best classified into two main groups.

Keywords: world mythology, big data, diffusion, classification, phylogenetics, network

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2018.4.05

Introduction

We consider here myths as narratives explaining and justifying the present state of the world. They are always regarded as telling the truth in the societies where there are told. The scientific study of this type of story is fairly recent, and it is the subject of a particular discipline: comparative mythology. To facilitate com- parisons, the thousands of myths known in all documented societies have been classified into several fundamental types: cosmogonic myths expose the origin of the universe, anthropogonic myths explain the appearance of mankind, ethnogonic myths tell how humanity was divided into different peoples speaking different languages, etc. Many other myths expose the origin of this or that natural or cultural phenomenon: sun, fire, sexuality, domestication, writing, etc. (Le Quellec

and Sergent 2017). Each myth can be deconstructed into 'motifs', defined here as “any features or combinations of features in folklore texts (images, episodes, sequences of episodes) which are subject to replication and found in different traditions” (Berezkin 2015a).

Take, for example, the many myths of the origin of fire (Frazer 1930). It will be easier to compare them if we take into account the presence/absence of motifs such as these: A Living Creature Personifies Fire, Woman Gives Birth to Fire, First Fire is Stolen from Original Owner, Original Owner is a Jaguar, Original Owner is a Toad, etc. The advantage of choosing such motifs as units of analysis is the degree of abstraction it implies. Even if the superficial details of the story have been mistranslated or partially forgotten, the motif is still easy to identify.

First, many mythological motifs remain stable over time and are easily identifyable in similar complex stories at long distances (e.g. Gouhier 1892, Bogoras 1902, Jochelson 1905, Hatt 1949, Lévi-Strauss 2002). Second, the dis- tribution of myths seems to be geographically stable over very long periods of time, as shown for instance by the worldwide contrasting distribution of the ‘emergence motif’ (i.e. apparition of the first humans from under the earth) and the ‘earth diver’ motif (Berezkin 2007, Le Quellec 2014). As another example, the myth of the Frog/Toad in the Moon is already documented during the Han dynasty (Dai Lin and Cai Yun-zhang 2005), and propagates over very large distance, from Asia to the northwest coast of North America where it is widespread, without much change. Other motifs are found in similar complex stories and widespread on either side of the Bering Strait (for numerous instances, see Hatt (1949), Berezkin (2013)).

In their studies, folklorists and folk tale specialists generally use Thompson’s repertoire of motifs (1955–1958), but this tool is poorly suited to global comparative studies because, for example, Eurasia and North America are over- represented in relation to Africa and Oceania. Thompson has a total of 639 biblio- graphic sources, and Berezkin no less than 7456, among them more than 2484 are original sources in Russian, mostly about Siberian, Altaic and Finno-Ugric peoples rarely or never mentioned in the motif index. As far as Africa is concerned, Berezkin uses 469 sources, whereas Thompson used only 58.

So, we use here the considerable database of myths elaborated by Berezkin (2015b) which is more comprehensive and better adjusted to mythological studies. This corpus contains over 2264 motifs from over 934 different peoples from all over the world. It was compiled manually and is based on the reading of some

10.000 books, papers and various reports in multiple languages.

A particular myth can be studied in all its details and versions to identify its transformations. This approach allows integrating information from different dis- ciplines, for instance linguistics, anthropology, astronomy, or from ancient written sources. Such work has been done, for example, with the myth of the bird-nester in America (Lévi-Strauss 1964–1971) and Eurasia (Sergent 2009). Alternatively, one may consider a very large corpus of myths or mythological motifs and extract general trends. This last approach has the advantage of facilitating a global

analysis. The difference between the two approaches is equivalent, in the field of genetics, to the difference between the study of a particular gene and a whole genome analysis. A global study of Berezkin’s corpus was previously done (Korotayev and Khaltourina 2011, Berezkin 2013, 2017) using Principal Compo- nents Analysis (PCA). PCA is a method well adapted to big data but furnishing a limited amount of information in comparison to the methods used in this study. The analysis showed that the different peoples are grouped within clusters corresponding to well-defined geographical regions. It is one of the goals of this work to verify the existence of these clusters with an independent method and to analyse in more details the proximity relationships between the different clusters.
Methods
In the present case, we were confronted with the difficulty that well-defined clusters are identified but the relationships between these clusters are difficult to establish as the distribution of the different states connecting the clusters does not always fit well to a phylogenetic network (see Fig. 4 and related discussion on the contradiction index). For that reason, a different approach was developed. The method uses directed graphs to represent proximity relations between clusters. The use of digraphs as an extension of phylogenetic networks is known (Bordewich and Semple 2007) but the application to the study of myths is new.

A matrix M with as many lines as clusters and as many columns as characters was built by averaging over each cluster and character the number of taxa with state ‘1’. A digraph (i.e.: directed graph) was generated by constructing a proximity matrix Pij between pairs of clusters. The proximity matrix was first initialized to zero. A recurrent formula was used on each character to compute the proximity matrix. For each character, one has

Pij (k + 1) = Pij (k) + 1. (1)

If the cluster (i) has the highest average value on all clusters and the cluster (j) has the second highest value above a given threshold (0.03 in this study), otherwise Pij (k + 1) = Pij (k). Figure 3 illustrates the algorithm.

The higher the weights of a directed edge, the more connected are the two clusters. A large imbalance between the weight of the two directed edges con- necting the same two nodes indicates that shared motifs are much more frequent in one of the clusters than in the other one. If more than two clusters fulfil the condition for updating the above proximity matrix, then the two characters are simply ignored and no update is done. Using that supplementary uniqueness con- dition, one can show that, given a perfect phylogenetic network and after having partitioned all taxa into subset of consecutive taxa, the edges of the digraph are only between taxa that are adjacent on a circular order. This follows directly from the result that binary data can be exactly represented by a phylogenetic network provided the taxa with state ‘1’ are consecutive (Bandelt and Dress 1992). In the result section, we will see that this condition is not fulfilled and that a phylo- genetic network is here not the proper representation of the complex structure of the data (Figure 4 is a therefore a better representation than a phylogenetic net- work as discussed below).

Figure 3. Illustration of the algorithm on one character. The level of grey indicates the percentage of taxa with state ‘1’ on a given character. The arrow relates the cluster with the highest percentage to the cluster with the second highest percentage of state ‘1’. The proximity matrix is updated accordingly.

Figure 4. Graphic representation of the average value on each of the 11 clusters (White: zero; Black: value larger than 0.15). As an example, the arrow points to frequent motifs in cluster 5.

Results and discussion

Cluster analysis

The ordering procedure was applied to both the taxa and the motifs’ space. Figure 4 shows the value of 1477 consecutive motifs averaged on each of 11 regions. The remaining motifs and taxa did not show any clear structure (i.e. cluster) in this first analysis. The 11 clusters consist each of consecutive taxa after ordering with NeighborNet.

Each cluster in Figure 4 is characterized as well as possible below:
1. Eurasia, North- and East Africa
2. Circumpolar Eurasia
3. Southeast Asia (part of Oceania)
4. Sub-Saharan Africa
5. South America (Papua, New Guinea)
6. Circumpolar America
7. Bering Strait
8. Northwest N. America
9. Central-and East N. America
10. Pacific Coast (South- and North America), Mesoamerica
11. Oceania
The different clusters identified in this study correlate very well to the ones obtained with previous studies on the same data (Berezkin 2017).

Eurasia: The main geographic division in Eurasia is between circumpolar regions, Southeast Asia and the rest of Eurasia.

Africa: The continent is divided into two regions: North Africa is within the Eurasian cluster (1), while Sub-Saharan Africa forms a specific cluster. The ‘Sub- Saharan Africa’ cluster (4) shares a number of motifs with Eurasia.

Oceania: The ‘Oceania’ cluster contains a grouping of taxa from Oceania and the Pacific Islands. This cluster includes remote islands like Tahiti or Hawaii that were first inhabited recently when compared to other parts of the world.

America: The cluster ‘Circumpolar America’ contains mainly peoples from circumpolar regions in North America and also in Eurasia around the Bering Strait and Greenland (Eskimo, Netsilik, Iglulik, Caribou, Reindeer and Maritime Koryak). The most common word in this cluster is the word ‘raven’ who is one of the main character of this mythology. The ‘Northwest N. American’ cluster corresponds to peoples from the Northwest (with a majority of Salishan, Penuti and Na-Dene speakers) while cluster (9) corresponds to peoples east of the Rocky Mountains speaking languages from different families (Algic, Caddoan, Sioux- Katawba). The ‘Pacific Coast’ cluster is composed of peoples whose language belongs mainly to Quechua, Uto-Aztecan, Mixo-Zoquean, Oto-Mangean, Mayan. Upon further examination ones observes two sub-clusters: the first one cor- responds to Meso-and North American peoples while the second one is a mixture of peoples from Peru, Ecuador and Central America. The Pacific Coast cluster contains also a number of taxa from India and Southeast Asia.

The ‘South America (Papua, New Guinea)’ cluster (5) contains several taxa among Papuans, Solomon Islanders, and South East Asian hunter-gatherers. This suggests a hypothetical Papua / New Guinea / South American ‘supercluster’ already discussed by several anthropologists, such as Nichols (1994) for language, and Gregor and Tuzin (2001) for genders. An over-proportional number of motifs in this cluster are related to body parts ('Body anomalies of the first people’, ‘Body anomalies of inhabitants of a distant land’, ‘No-anus people’, etc.), in particular genitals, as well as to 'woman'. Is it the result of an early or a recent migration or a convergence due to similar habitats? (see e.g. Malaspinas et al. 2014, Raghavan et al. 2015). We will not tackle here the problem of common origin and diffusionism vs convergence as these topics have been treated in much depth and with great insight in Gregor and Tuzin’ s edited book: ‘Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia’ (2001).

Clusters are of different sizes both geographically and in terms of the number of motifs. The ‘Eurasia, North and East Africa’ (1) cluster covers all Eurasia with the exception of circumpolar Eurasia and Southeast Asia. No clear fine structures are observed within this cluster. There is a plausible explanation for that result. Within most of Eurasia, a large proportion of motifs may have diffused quite randomly. A quite different situation is observed in North America which is divided into several small regions with motifs specifics to each region.

Figure 4 is the basis for a more in-depth study of the relationships between clusters. Without being too technical, a basic property of phylogenetic tree or network is that, for a given motif, the taxa with state ‘1’ should be adjacent leading to a zero contribution to the contradiction index. One computes from Figure 4 that the contradiction index is quite large on the ‘Eurasia, North- and East Africa’ cluster (about 20%) and low (on average below 12%) for the North American clusters (6–9). The North American clusters can be well described in first approximation by a phylogenetic tree or network, while the Eurasian clusters are quite far from a phylogenetic structure.

Table 1. Contradiction value for each cluster in Fig. 4

Eurasia

Circum Eurasia

SE

Asia

Sub-Sah. Africa

South Am.

North America

Pacific Coast

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.20

0.17

0.13

0.12

0.14

0.12

0.11

0.11

0.13

0.13

Lévi-Strauss (1964–1971) emphasizes at different moments in his career that myths can be related through a complex set of transformations summarized in the so-called canonical formula. For narratives (that are not myths), Mosko (1991) claims that another formula should be used instead. A new perspective on this question has been recently formulated (Thuillard and Le Quellec 2017). Both the

canonical and Mosko’s formula have a simple interpretation within the graph theory. The canonical formula describes an instance of myth’s evolution that can be described exactly by a perfect phylogenetic tree. Mosko’s formula describes a completely different scheme of evolution. It is typically the result of a fast evolution of mythemes resulting possibly in all combinations of binary characters, and Mosko’s formula leads to a highly connected graph. Our results show that depending on the regions and the scale at which the data are considered, the best description of the data may change quite drastically. At the scale of a cluster, the motifs are, on average, randomly distributed. We have found that in some regions, for instance North America, motives can be described to a good approximation by a phylogenetic tree or an outer planar network, a type of phylogenetic network (Bryant and Moulton). This topology suggests that motives have diffused among several regions without much transformations and that identical motives are not the result of convergence processes or multiple independent creations. In other areas like Eurasia, motives seem to be randomly distributed among the many peoples as expected from Mosko’s formula for narratives. The network describing the distribution of motives is highly connected. Such a network is characteristic of peoples having interacted extensively over eons. In other words, our results show that Mosko’s formula for narratives applies, in many instances, to the description of myths.
Connections between the clusters

As a phylogenetic network cannot be used to represent the whole dataset, one understands the need for a proximity analysis to represent the relationships between clusters. Figure 5 shows the result of the area study. One observes two super-clusters characterized by large weights (broad lines in Figure 5). The first supercluster contains Africa and Eurasia. The second supercluster contains the North American taxa. The two superclusters are connected through the circum- polar Eurasian cluster. The different clusters are also consistent with results from previous phylogenetical (e.g. d’Huy and Berezkin, 2017), statistical (e.g. Bogoras 1902, Korotayev and Khaltourina 2011) and areal (e.g. Berezkin 2013, Le Quellec 2014) approaches on much smaller corpora.

The main information contained in Figure 5 is summarized in Figure 6 (Top).

Repeating the classification on the remaining group of characters results in a second classification represented in Figure 6 (bottom). Geographically, similar groupings are observed but somewhat blurred. For instance, the different North American regions cannot be well differentiated. The number of edges for the sub- Saharan Africa and Oceania clusters were below the threshold of the value P (See method section. No edge is represented if P<9). Also, no taxa in Africa could be validated, and only one in Australia. The second group of motifs, associated to the second classification, contains about 200 motifs which contrarily to the first group of motifs are widely spread over several clusters. It is as if superposed to a body of motifs concentrated mostly on a well-defined cluster, a second group of motifs was broadly shared by many peoples.

Figure 5. Result of a proximity analysis between clusters in term of density of characters. The weight on the directed edge shows the number of motifs with the two largest frequencies. The arrows point toward the clusters with the second largest frequency. The width of the line is related to the weight on the edge.

Figure 6. Top: classification of the different taxa in different clusters (one colour per cluster) together with information from the areal study in Fig. 2. Bottom: result of the classification on the remaining motifs. The figure was done using Cartographica 1.4.8.

Comparison of the two classifications

Figure 7A shows that the most frequent words in the first classification (in order of decreasing frequency: woman, man, animal, people, snake, sky, person, bird, wife, girl) are quite different from the most frequent ones in the second classification (moon, sun, earth, water, animal, man, female, trickster, bird, eclipse).

The first group contains many motifs related to creation myths, the origin of death and a number of well-known motifs such as the rainbow snake and the cultural hero. The second part of the corpus contains several motifs connected to the sun and the moon, to celestial bodies or to a flight in the sky (cosmic hunt, man in the moon, obstacle flights, extra suns and moons annihilated) as well as to the trickster theme. Each subset has two prevalent motifs: Woman+Animal vs Moon+Sun, and they also differ in their level of thematic dispersion.

In both classifications, taxa in South America are related to taxa in Melanesia. The connection is the strongest in the first classification with the South American cluster including 9 Melanesian taxa. Many motifs in the South American cluster are related to ‘body parts’ and to ‘woman’, two common topics in the first

classification. Fig. 7B shows that in the second group the highest frequencies

concern only twenty themes, while all other motifs (those in green) appear very rarely, or only once. On the other hand, the first group has a lower proportion of rare motifs, the dominant themes being much more numerous than in the other corpus. This demonstrates that the second group is far less "diversified" than the other, and this all the more remarkable considering that most of its motifs have a very extended geographical distribution.

Table 2 shows the 10 most frequent words in each corpus with their number of occurrences.

Table 2. Words with the largest number of occurrences

Corpus 1		Corpus 2
woman	1156	moon	2508
animal	1032	sun	2197
man	966	trickster	949
death	963	man	913
bird	832	water	741
wife	801	male	697
sky	675	earth	690
girl	660	fox	669
snake	639	animal	656
turn	606	female	564

A large-scale study of world myths

419

Figure 7. Word frequency for the most frequent words, with the font size proportional to the frequency a) first classification, b) second classification. The word clouds were built with the 'tm', 'SnowballC', 'wordcloud', 'RColorBrewer' and 'pluralize' libraries in R. Stopwords were removed. Plural and singular were treated as equivalent (moon vs moons). We have kept all the items. Stemming and lemmatization makes the dichotomy even more spectacular.

Three motifs are found in most clusters (≥ 8/11). The two first motifs are ‘Colours of bird’ and ‘White raven’. Once the raven is replaced by a local black bird, the motif extends to South America. The white raven motif is a very old one, often part of the Flood and the Earth diver myths, that got transferred to the New World in pre-Columbian times (Korotayev et al. 2006). The third motif is ‘The Hole in the Sky’, which is a concept related to the vision of a solid sky, at least 4000 years old (Seely 1991). More generally, one observes a good correlation between widely shared motifs and myths that are documented in ancient written sources.

Conclusions

There are essentially two main corpora of motifs that are geographically intertwined. On both corpora, one observes a very good correspondence between the different clusters obtained after classification and the collection area of the motifs. Let us mention two particular results. On the first corpus, a clear connection is seen between America and Eurasia through the circumpolar regions in the first group of motifs. The association between myths found among peoples in South America and in Papua, New Guinea and the neighbouring islands is not a new observation, but it is difficult to explain. Creation myths, origin motifs and a number of well-known motifs such as the cultural hero or the rainbow snake are a core concern in the first corpus of motifs, while celestial bodies are a central focus in the second one, as well as animals and trickster stories. The most frequent motifs in the second corpus are quite different from the ones in the first corpus, the moon and the sun being a central focus, as well as animals together with the trickster theme. The second corpus contains the majority of motifs having a very extended geographical distribution and includes a large number of motifs present on most regions. Quite interestingly, one observes that the motifs with the broader distribution are often quite old myths that did propagate mostly orally but were recorded in writing at least in one location during ancient time. This confirms the large diffusion and stability of some ancient myths.

In a wider perspective, we have shown that the use of a very large database should enable us to renew and improve the study of the worldwide distribution of mythical motifs and “to test a richer array of hypotheses” (Henrich et al., 2010: 81). This makes it possible, in particular, to avoid the sampling bias observed in previous comparative studies (Bortolini et al. 2017, d’Huy et al. 2017). Our results show that world mythologies are structured in geographical patterns and confirm the existence of great dichotomies like the one between ‘Gondwanian’ and ‘Laurasian’ myths in Witzel’s terminology (2001, 2012), but they also indicate that the global distribution of myths cannot be reduced to such simple oppositions. Now, it would be very interesting to be able to cross our results with other types of data, for example regarding the environment (e.g. Botero et al. 2014) or the rituals (Gray and Watts 2017), etc., in continuation of comparable research (e.g. Currie

2013, Jordan and Huber 2013, Kirby et al. 2016). The problem is that we are currently facing the non-interoperability of several very large databases built independently of one another, but this type of difficulty should be overcome in the future.

The methods used in this study extend phylogenetic approaches to more complex topologies. Our approach builds a bridge between phylogenetic studies and network analysis (Kenna and MacCarron 2016).

Obviously, the methods presented here are not limited to myths. The differences and similarities between the evolution of genes, languages and cultures have been thoroughly studied (Ross, Greenhill and Atkinson 2013). The con- clusions are that despite the important differences between genes, languages and cultural traits, similar theories and methods can be applied to all of them separately. Considering that phylogenetic networks find their origin in the work of the archaeologist Flinders Petrie (1899) it is quite clear that the methods presented may also be relevant to archaeology (Le Quellec 2017).

Address:

Jean-Loïc Le Quellec

Institut des Mondes africains, UMR 8171 CNRS Brenessard

85540 - St-Benoist-sur-Mer France

E-m ail: JLLQ@rupestre.on-rev.com

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Tehrani, Jamshid (2013) “The phylogeny of little red riding hood”. PLOS ONE 8, 11, e78871.

Thompson, Stith (1955–1958) Motif-index of folk-literature: a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, mediaeval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends. Rev. and enl. ed. 6 vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Thuillard, Marc (2007) “Minimizing contradictions on circular order of phylogenic trees”. Evolutionary Bioinformatics 3, 237–247. http://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/full/10.4137/ EBO.S909

Thuillard, Marc and Didier Fraix-Burnet (2009) “Phylogenetic applications of the Minimum Contradiction approach on continuous characters”. Evolutionary Bioinformatics online 5, 33–

46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747132/

Thuillard, Marc and Vincent Moulton (2011) “Identifying and reconstructing lateral transfers from distance matrices by combining the Minimum Contradiction Method and Neighbor-net”. Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 9, 04, 453-470. https://doi.org/ 10.1142/s0219720011005409

Thuillard, Marc and Jean Loïc Le Quellec (2017) “A phylogenetic interpretation of the canonical formula of myths by Lévi-Strauss”. Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics 3, 2, 1–12. https://culturalanthropologyandethnosemiotics.wordpress.com/

Thuillard Marc, Jean-Loïc Le Quellec, and Julien d’Huy (2018) “Computational approaches to myths analysis: application to the Cosmic Hunt”. Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée 4. http:// nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/numero-4-no-4-2018/

Witzel, Michael (2001) “Comparison and reconstruction: language and mythology”. Mother Tongue

6, 45–62.

Witzel, Michael (2012) The origins of the world’s mythologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Annex “Results of the first classification; First Corpus after classification; Second Corpus after classification; Characters’ list: each taxon is associated to the cluster with the largest density of characters; and List of Edges in Figure 5” is available only in our webpage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2018.4.06

2020年1月27日月曜日

タイを釣りたいエビ

タイを釣りたいエビ
2019/7/28
付加価値が理解できない韓国さんの話
ttps://ebiss.hatenablog.com/entry/2019/07/28/200000

「タイを釣りたいエビ」さんへ、抗議・・・というか、どう思うかの書き込みしました。
返事もあったよ。どうもです。
残念ながら、味方にはなってくれませんでした。

2018年3月27日火曜日

English.lng_(削除^.+=)

[Info]
English
3.2.0.0
Roman Rudnik
support@beeicons.com

[Translations]
About
"Mark Folder" menu
Enter Registration Code

Processing. Please wait...

Information
Close
Visit Website
Download New Version
Remind me again on

Please, enter item name:
Item name

Item Name:
Item Icon:
To put chosen icon to the subitem press and hold Shift key.\nPress Ctrl key to copy item, instead of moving it.

Category Without Icon

Save Changes
Save New Item
Save New Subitem

Cancel
Add Subitem
Add Item
Delete
Add Separator
Export
Cancel

Menu Items:
Item Properties:
Actions:

Add Item
Add Subitem
Add Separator
Delete
Move Up
Move Down

&Action
Apply Icon Change
Restore Default Icon for Chosen Folder(s)

Use selected icon as the system's default folder icon
Restore system's default folder icon

Refresh System Icons

Backup customizing data
Restore customizing data

Customize "Mark Folder" menu
Make Folders Distributable by Default
Keep Folder's Date Unchanged
Rollback All Changes

Exit
&Folder
Single Folder
Multiple Folders
&Language
&Help
Contents

Automatically Check for Upgrades
Check for Upgrades Now

About...

Delete Tab %s

Folder Icon:
Options:
Folder:
Folders:

A&pply
Add
Remove
Clear
E&xit
Cancel
&Remove
&Add
Clear

Make customized folder distributable
Apply selected icon for all subfolders
Information:

Programmers:
Program:
Web Site:
Contact Us:
Registered to:
Copyright (c) 2006-2017 ArcticLine Software\nAll rights reserved

Mark Folder
More Icons...
Restore Default
Buy Now!

Buy Now!
How to Buy and Register
Buy Now
Enter Registration Code

User Icons

Enter Registration Code
Enter the key that you received in the registration letter
Please use the Ctrl+C (or Ctrl+Ins) key combination to copy the key from the reg letter onto the clipboard and Ctrl+V (or Shift+Ins) to insert it into the code field.
How to get registration key
OK
Cancel

Folder Marker is UNREGISTERED
Register NOW and get:
* Ability to customize 'Mark Folder' popup menu!\n* No limit at adding icon to User Icons tab!\n* Ability to use additional icons!\n* Startup with no nags and delays!\n* Free support via e-mail!\n* 1 year of free upgrades! \n
Get Now!
OK

Backup Customized Data
Save the backup file
Here you can create the backup file of marked folders on your computer. Paths to the folders, where icons have been changed with Folder Marker, as well as the icons, will be written to this file. The backup file can be used to restore labeling of the folders after system reinstallation, or to get similar labeling to the one you have on this computer.\n\nCreating the backup file doesn't change data in the folders.
1. Select folders icons of which you want to write to the backup file:
If you don't want to save the icon of any folder to the backup file, just remove the check mark next to it.
Select all
2. Enter a file name in which the data should be written:
Start >
Finish
Cancel
Export in progress
The event log...

Restore Customized Data
Step 1/4: Select the backup file
This master allows you to restore the labeling of the folders on your computer according to the backup file that has been created earlier with the command "Backup customizing data".
Select the backup file:

Step 2/4: Check the correctness
Below is a list of folders and icons that will be applied for these folders. If you don't want to change the icon of any folder, just remove the check mark next to it.
Set icons for folders:
Select all
Note: Folders shown in grey color will be missing as far as they don't exist on your computer.

Step 3/4: Execution...
Wait for a moment, the applying of icons to folders may take a while.
The event log...

Step 4/4: Done
We have completed the assignment folder icons.
Next >
< Back
Cancel
Finish

[Messages]
UNREGISTERED VERSION
Separator
1 Day
2 Days
5 Days
10 Days
15 Days
Don't Inform in Future
Trial period finished. If you want to continue use the program you must register it.
This version is UNREGISTERED. You can use it for 30 days, after this period is over, you must register it.
You have
of
day(s) of trial time
Now click OK to start work with Folder Marker.
To get rid from the delay in future click HERE...
This is unregistered version delay. Please wait
sec.
To get rid from the delay click HERE...
Do you want to save changes to the contex menu?
Do you really wish to delete Separator item?
Do you really wish to delete
item
All subitems will be also removed!
An icon of the item
is not found. Default icon will be set. Please change it.
Sorry, but you can't save changes to Mark Folder menu in the UNREGISTERED version of Folder Marker. Register it first.
Unable to create directory:
Thanks! Now you need to restart Windows. If your key is correct all limitations will be removed.
Do you want to restart Windows now?
Key is not valid
Sorry, but you cannot add more than
icons in the UNREGISTERED version of Folder Marker. Please register it.
icons in the Free version of Folder Marker. Upgrade to Pro of Home edition and register it to add unlimited number of icons.
Are you sure you want to clear the list?
A folder for icon change is not set. Please fill Folder field.
There is no such directory
A list of folders for icon change is empty. Please add at least one folder to the list.
This directories have been deleted:
CAUTION!!! Are you sure you want to rollback all changes?
Unable to write to
Try to run the program as administrator or contact your admin.
You have the last version of
Update is not needed.
Can't receive information from the Folder Marker's server
Sorry, but
directory has been alredy added
Please chose a directory
Are you sure, you want to remove all directories from the list?
Additional
Colors
ABC...
Main
Everyday
This is ONLY PART of the icon set
This is ONLY PART of the icon set
Full icon pack contains 60+ icons. Click here and buy FULL version right now!
Thanks! Now restart Folder Marker. If your key is correct all limitations will be removed.
This is Pro edition of Folder Marker, but your key is for Home edition. Key for Home version will not work with Pro.
Please install Home edition of Folder Marker. To download it visit
This is Home edition of Folder Marker, but your key is for Pro edition. Key for Pro version will not work with Home.
Please install Pro edition of Folder Marker. To download it visit

Elevation object is not registered
Run "regsvr32 FMADM.dll" or reinstall program to fix it

Select Icons
Look for icons in this file:
Look for icons in these files:
Look for icons in:
Browse...
Select icon from the list bellow:
Select icons from the list bellow
(Hold Ctrl to select several icons):
Select All
Cancel

Prolong License!
Sorry, but your license doesn稚 support updates to the current version of the program.
The period of the free updates for your license has expired __UPDATES_TILL__. You can continue to use older versions of Folder Marker or you can renew your license and get the right to update for one year more.
Prolong my license
Attention! Special offer!
Prolong the right to get updates for one year now and get 1 year of the free updates as a gift. Act right now, this offer won稚 be shown again.
Buy 1 year of updates and get 1 year more as a gift

Start
Next
Cancel
Finish

Select at least one folder for export
Operation canceled!
Done! The backup file is saved to
Network Folder
SKIPPED
Folder is not Customized
Distributible Icon
PACKED
Compressing...
It may take minute or two
DONE
Deleting temporary data...
Folder not exists
PROCESSED
Done! %d folders processed
Do you really want to terminate operation?
File Name is empty. Please enter the name of a file, where the data should be written to.
To use this function, you need to be registered user. Please buy Pro license.

Don't show me this offer again, I am not interested

[menu_items]
Colors
Dark
Light
Work

Red
Orange
Brown
Lemon
Green
Azure
Blue
Pink
Violet
White
Gray
Black
High Priority
Normal Priority
Low Priority
Planned Work
Half-Done Work
Done Work
Approved
Pending
Rejected
Work Files
Private Files
Important Files
Temp Files

[sizes]
665
108
104
75

300
75
76
72

334
140

145

308

Folder marker Home - English.lng

[Info]
LangName=English
For Folder Marker Ver=3.2.0.0
Translated By=Roman Rudnik
Translator e-Mail=support@beeicons.com

[Translations]
frm_About.Caption=About
frm_EdtPopupMenu.Caption="Mark Folder" menu
frm_EnterRegCode.Caption=Enter Registration Code

frm_Process.lbl_MesWait.Caption=Processing. Please wait...

frm_News.Caption=Information
frm_News.btn_Close.Caption=Close
frm_News.btn_VisitWebsite.Caption=Visit Website
frm_News.btn_DownloadNewVersion.Caption=Download New Version
frm_News.lbl_RemindMeAgain.Caption=Remind me again on

frm_InputBox.gb_ItemName.Caption= Please, enter item name:
frm_InputBox.Caption=Item name

frm_EdtPopupMenu.lbl_ItemName.Caption=Item Name:
frm_EdtPopupMenu.lbl_ItemIcon.Caption=Item Icon:
frm_EdtPopupMenu.lbl_Help.Caption=To put chosen icon to the subitem press and hold Shift key.\nPress Ctrl key to copy item, instead of moving it.

frm_EdtPopupMenu.cb_LeaveFreeIcon.Caption=Category Without Icon

frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_SaveChanges.Caption=Save Changes
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_SaveChanges.Caption2=Save New Item
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_SaveChanges.Caption3=Save New Subitem

frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_CancelChanges.Caption=Cancel
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_AddSubitem.Caption=Add Subitem
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_AddItem.Caption=Add Item
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_Delete.Caption=Delete
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_Separ.Caption=Add Separator
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_Export.Caption=Export
frm_EdtPopupMenu.bb_Cancel.Caption=Cancel

frm_EdtPopupMenu.gb_Tree.Caption=Menu Items:
frm_EdtPopupMenu.gb_ItemProp.Caption=Item Properties:
frm_EdtPopupMenu.gb_Action.Caption=Actions:

frm_EdtPopupMenu.Additem1.Caption=Add Item
frm_EdtPopupMenu.mi_AddSubitem.Caption=Add Subitem
frm_EdtPopupMenu.AddSeparator1.Caption=Add Separator
frm_EdtPopupMenu.mi_Del.Caption=Delete
frm_EdtPopupMenu.mi_MoveUp.Caption=Move Up
frm_EdtPopupMenu.mi_MoveDown.Caption=Move Down

frm_Main.mi_Action.Caption=&Action
frm_Main.mi_Applyiconchange.Caption=Apply Icon Change
frm_Main.mi_SetDefaultIcon.Caption=Restore Default Icon for Chosen Folder(s)

frm_Main.mi_UseIcnAsSysDef.Caption=Use selected icon as the system's default folder icon
frm_Main.mi_ResSysDefIcon.Caption=Restore system's default folder icon

frm_Main.mi_refreshSysIcons.Caption=Refresh System Icons

frm_Main.mi_Export.Caption=Backup customizing data
frm_Main.mi_Import.Caption=Restore customizing data

frm_Main.mi_EditPopupMenu.Caption=Customize "Mark Folder" menu
frm_Main.mi_MakeFoldersDisrt.Caption=Make Folders Distributable by Default
frm_Main.mi_DontChangeFolderDate.Caption=Keep Folder's Date Unchanged
frm_Main.mi_RlbAllChanges.Caption=Rollback All Changes

frm_Main.mi_Exit.Caption=Exit
frm_Main.mi_Folder.Caption=&Folder
frm_Main.mi_SinglFlder.Caption=Single Folder
frm_Main.mi_ManyFolders.Caption=Multiple Folders
frm_Main.mi_language.Caption=&Language
frm_Main.mi_Help.Caption=&Help
frm_Main.mi_Contents.Caption=Contents

frm_Main.mi_AutomaticallyCheckForUpgrades.Caption=Automatically Check for Upgrades
frm_Main.mi_CheckForUpgradesNow.Caption=Check for Upgrades Now

frm_Main.mi_About.Caption=About...

frm_Main.bb_DelCustomTab.Hint=Delete Tab %s

frm_Main.lbl_2.Caption=Folder Icon:
frm_Main.lbl_3.Caption=Options:
frm_Main.lbl_1.Caption=Folder:
frm_Main.lbl_1.Caption2=Folders:

frm_Main.btn_Apply.Caption=A&pply
frm_Main.bb_AddIcon.Caption=Add
frm_Main.bb_RemoveIcon.Caption=Remove
frm_Main.bb_ClearIcons.Caption=Clear
frm_Main.btn_Exit.Caption=E&xit
frm_Main.btn_Exit.Caption2=Cancel
frm_Main.bbtn_Remove.Caption=&Remove
frm_Main.bbtn_Add.Caption=&Add
frm_Main.bb_RemoveAll.Caption=Clear

frm_Main.cb_MkCstmFldDstr.Caption=Make customized folder distributable
frm_Main.cb_ApplyForSbDir.Caption=Apply selected icon for all subfolders
frm_About.gb_Information.Caption=Information:

frm_About.lbl_Programmers.Caption=Programmers:
frm_About.lbl_Program.Caption=Program:
frm_About.lbl_Website.Caption=Web Site:
frm_About.lbl_ContactUs.Caption=Contact Us:
frm_About.gb_RegisteredTo.Caption=Registered to:
frm_About.lbl_Copyright.Caption=Copyright (c) 2006-2017 ArcticLine Software\nAll rights reserved

sm_Main.mi_Folder.Caption=Mark Folder
sm_Main.mi_MoreIcons.Caption=More Icons...
sm_Main.mi_ResDefIcon.Caption=Restore Default
sm_Main.mi_BuyNow.Caption=Buy Now!

frm_Main.lbl_BuyNow.Caption=Buy Now!
frm_Main.Item_HowToReg.Caption=How to Buy and Register
frm_Main.Item_RegNow.Caption=Buy Now
frm_Main.act_EnterRegCode.Caption=Enter Registration Code

frm_Main.ts_UserIcons.Caption=User Icons

frm_EnterRegCode.Caption=Enter Registration Code
frm_EnterRegCode.gb_EnterRegKey.Caption=Enter the key that you received in the registration letter
frm_EnterRegCode.lbl_Instructions.Caption=Please use the Ctrl+C (or Ctrl+Ins) key combination to copy the key from the reg letter onto the clipboard and Ctrl+V (or Shift+Ins) to insert it into the code field.
frm_EnterRegCode.btn_HowToReg.Caption=How to get registration key
frm_EnterRegCode.btn_Ok.Caption=OK
frm_EnterRegCode.btn_Cancel.Caption=Cancel

frm_Nag.Caption=Folder Marker is UNREGISTERED
frm_Nag.lbl_RegisterNow.Caption=Register NOW and get:
frm_Nag.lbl_Benefits.Caption=* Ability to customize 'Mark Folder' popup menu!\n* No limit at adding icon to User Icons tab!\n* Ability to use additional icons!\n* Startup with no nags and delays!\n* Free support via e-mail!\n* 1 year of free upgrades! \n
frm_Nag.lbl_GetNow.Caption=Get Now!
frm_Nag.btn_OK.Caption=OK

frm_BackupWizard.Caption=Backup Customized Data
frm_BackupWizard.wp_BackupOptions.Title.Text=Save the backup file
frm_BackupWizard.wp_BackupOptions.Subtitle.Text=Here you can create the backup file of marked folders on your computer. Paths to the folders, where icons have been changed with Folder Marker, as well as the icons, will be written to this file. The backup file can be used to restore labeling of the folders after system reinstallation, or to get similar labeling to the one you have on this computer.\n\nCreating the backup file doesn't change data in the folders.
frm_BackupWizard.lbl_SelectFolders.Caption=1. Select folders icons of which you want to write to the backup file:
frm_BackupWizard.lbl_Unmark.Caption=If you don't want to save the icon of any folder to the backup file, just remove the check mark next to it.
frm_BackupWizard.cb_SelectAll.Caption=Select all
frm_BackupWizard.lbl_SelectFile.Caption=2. Enter a file name in which the data should be written:
frm_BackupWizard.Wizard.ButtonNext.Caption=Start >
frm_BackupWizard.Wizard.ButtonFinish.Caption=Finish
frm_BackupWizard.Wizard.ButtonCancel.Caption=Cancel
frm_BackupWizard.wp_Progress.Title.Text=Export in progress
frm_BackupWizard.lbl_Log.Caption=The event log...

frm_RestoreWizard.Caption=Restore Customized Data
frm_RestoreWizard.wp_SelectFileName.Title.Text=Step 1/4: Select the backup file
frm_RestoreWizard.wp_SelectFileName.Subtitle.Text=This master allows you to restore the labeling of the folders on your computer according to the backup file that has been created earlier with the command "Backup customizing data".
frm_RestoreWizard.lbl_SelectFile.Caption=Select the backup file:

frm_RestoreWizard.wp_SelectFolders.Title.Text=Step 2/4: Check the correctness
frm_RestoreWizard.wp_SelectFolders.Subtitle.Text=Below is a list of folders and icons that will be applied for these folders. If you don't want to change the icon of any folder, just remove the check mark next to it.
frm_RestoreWizard.lbl_SetIcons.Caption=Set icons for folders:
frm_RestoreWizard.cb_SelectAll.Caption=Select all
frm_RestoreWizard.lbl_Note.Caption=Note: Folders shown in grey color will be missing as far as they don't exist on your computer.

frm_RestoreWizard.wp_Progress.Title.Text=Step 3/4: Execution...
frm_RestoreWizard.wp_Progress.Subtitle.Text=Wait for a moment, the applying of icons to folders may take a while.
frm_RestoreWizard.lbl_Log=The event log...

frm_RestoreWizard.wp_Finish.Title.Text=Step 4/4: Done
frm_RestoreWizard.wp_Finish.Subtitle.Text=We have completed the assignment folder icons.
frm_RestoreWizard.Wizard.ButtonNext.Caption=Next >
frm_RestoreWizard.Wizard.ButtonBack.Caption=< Back
frm_RestoreWizard.Wizard.ButtonCancel.Caption=Cancel
frm_RestoreWizard.Wizard.ButtonFinish.Caption=Finish

[Messages]
UNREGISTERED VERSION=UNREGISTERED VERSION
SeparatorText=Separator
1 Day=1 Day
2 Days=2 Days
5 Days=5 Days
10 Days=10 Days
15 Days=15 Days
Don't Inform in Future=Don't Inform in Future
Trial period finished. If you want to continue use the program you must register it.=Trial period finished. If you want to continue use the program you must register it.
This version is UNREGISTERED. You can use it for 30 days, after this period is over, you must register it.=This version is UNREGISTERED. You can use it for 30 days, after this period is over, you must register it.
You have=You have
of=of
day(s) of trial time=day(s) of trial time
Now click OK to start work with Folder Marker.=Now click OK to start work with Folder Marker.
To get rid from the delay in future click HERE...=To get rid from the delay in future click HERE...
This is unregistered version delay. Please wait=This is unregistered version delay. Please wait
sec.=sec.
To get rid from the delay click HERE...=To get rid from the delay click HERE...
Do you want to save changes to the contex menu?=Do you want to save changes to the contex menu?
Do you really wish to delete Separator item?=Do you really wish to delete Separator item?
Do you really wish to delete=Do you really wish to delete
item=item
All subitems will be also removed!=All subitems will be also removed!
An icon of the item=An icon of the item
is not found. Default icon will be set. Please change it.=is not found. Default icon will be set. Please change it.
Sorry, but you can't save changes to Mark Folder menu in the UNREGISTERED version of Folder Marker. Register it first.=Sorry, but you can't save changes to Mark Folder menu in the UNREGISTERED version of Folder Marker. Register it first.
Unable to create directory:=Unable to create directory:
Thanks! Now you need to restart Windows. If your key is correct all limitations will be removed.=Thanks! Now you need to restart Windows. If your key is correct all limitations will be removed.
Do you want to restart Windows now?=Do you want to restart Windows now?
Key is not valid=Key is not valid
Sorry, but you cannot add more than=Sorry, but you cannot add more than
icons in the UNREGISTERED version of Folder Marker. Please register it.=icons in the UNREGISTERED version of Folder Marker. Please register it.
icons in the Free version of Folder Marker. Upgrade to Pro or Home edition and register it to add unlimited number of icons.=icons in the Free version of Folder Marker. Upgrade to Pro of Home edition and register it to add unlimited number of icons.
Are you sure you want to clear the list?=Are you sure you want to clear the list?
A folder for icon change is not set. Please fill Folder field.=A folder for icon change is not set. Please fill Folder field.
There is no such directory=There is no such directory
A list of folders for icon change is empty. Please add at least one folder to the list.=A list of folders for icon change is empty. Please add at least one folder to the list.
This directories have been deleted:=This directories have been deleted:
CAUTION!!! Are you sure you want to rollback all changes?=CAUTION!!! Are you sure you want to rollback all changes?
Unable to write to=Unable to write to
Try to run the program as administrator or contact your admin.=Try to run the program as administrator or contact your admin.
You have the last version of=You have the last version of
Update is not needed.=Update is not needed.
Can't receive information from the Folder Marker's server=Can't receive information from the Folder Marker's server
Sorry, but=Sorry, but
directory has been alredy added=directory has been alredy added
Please chose a directory=Please chose a directory
Are you sure, you want to remove all directories from the list?=Are you sure, you want to remove all directories from the list?
Additional=Additional
Colors=Colors
L.-N.=ABC...
Main=Main
Everyday=Everyday
This is DEMO version of the icon set=This is ONLY PART of the icon set
This is ONLY PART of the icon set=This is ONLY PART of the icon set
Full icon pack contains 60+ icons. Click here and buy FULL version right now!=Full icon pack contains 60+ icons. Click here and buy FULL version right now!
Thanks! Now restart Folder Marker. If your key is correct all limitations will be removed.=Thanks! Now restart Folder Marker. If your key is correct all limitations will be removed.
This is Pro edition of Folder Marker, but your key is for Home edition. Key for Home version will not work with Pro.=This is Pro edition of Folder Marker, but your key is for Home edition. Key for Home version will not work with Pro.
Please install Home edition of Folder Marker. To download it visit=Please install Home edition of Folder Marker. To download it visit
This is Home edition of Folder Marker, but your key is for Pro edition. Key for Pro version will not work with Home.=This is Home edition of Folder Marker, but your key is for Pro edition. Key for Pro version will not work with Home.
Please install Pro edition of Folder Marker. To download it visit=Please install Pro edition of Folder Marker. To download it visit

Elevation object is not registered=Elevation object is not registered
Run "regsvr32 FMADM.dll" or reinstall program to fix it=Run "regsvr32 FMADM.dll" or reinstall program to fix it

Select Icons=Select Icons
Look for icons in this file:=Look for icons in this file:
Look for icons in these files:=Look for icons in these files:
Look for icons in:=Look for icons in:
Browse...=Browse...
Select icon from the list bellow:=Select icon from the list bellow:
Select icons from the list bellow=Select icons from the list bellow
(Hold Ctrl to select several icons):=(Hold Ctrl to select several icons):
Select All=Select All
Cancel=Cancel

Prolong License!=Prolong License!
Sorry, but your license doesn稚 support updates to the current version of the program.=Sorry, but your license doesn稚 support updates to the current version of the program.
The period of the free updates for your license has expired __UPDATES_TILL__. You can continue to use older versions of Folder Marker or you can renew your license and get the right to update for one year more.=The period of the free updates for your license has expired __UPDATES_TILL__. You can continue to use older versions of Folder Marker or you can renew your license and get the right to update for one year more.
Prolong my license=Prolong my license
Attention! Special offer!=Attention! Special offer!
Prolong the right to get updates for one year now and get 1 year of the free updates as a gift. Act right now, this offer won稚 be shown again.=Prolong the right to get updates for one year now and get 1 year of the free updates as a gift. Act right now, this offer won稚 be shown again.
Buy 1 year of updates and get 1 year more as a gift=Buy 1 year of updates and get 1 year more as a gift

Start=Start
Next=Next
Cancel=Cancel
Finish=Finish

Select at least one folder for export=Select at least one folder for export
Operation canceled!=Operation canceled!
Done! The backup file is saved to=Done! The backup file is saved to
Network Folder=Network Folder
SKIPPED=SKIPPED
Folder is not Customized=Folder is not Customized
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2018年2月19日月曜日

Dspeach Manual En

DSpeech (by Dimio)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The updated version is found to the following Link:

Home: "http://dimio.altervista.org/"



DESCRIPTION:
~~~~~~~~~~~~

DSpeech is a program of TTS (Text To Speech) with functionality of ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition) integrated. And' that is in degree to read to tall voice the written text and to choose the sentences to pronounce according to the vocal answers of the consumer. And' projected specifically to give in rapid way and directed the functions of greater practical utility that are required to the programs of this type, maintaining to the meantime to the least one the invasività and the consumption of resources (it is not installed, it doesn't integrate him in the system, it is light, it sets out in an instant and he/she doesn't write anything in the register).

The principal characteristics of DSpeech are:

1. It allows to save the output in the form of a file Wav or Mp3.
2. It allows to quickly select different voices and to combine her among them to create dialogues among more voices.
3. Entire a system of Vocal Recognition that, through a simple language of script, it allows to create interactive dialogues with the consumer.
4. It allows to shape the voices in independent way.
5. Through special TAG, allows to dynamically vary the characteristics of the voices during the reproduction (speed, volume and frequency), to insert breaks, to emphasize terms or to make the spelling.
6. It allows to capture and to automatically reproduce the content of the ClipBoard.
7. It supports all vocal engines compatible with SAPI 4 and 5.

Entire besides a series of secondary characteristics, among which:

1. To the start, it allows to auto-load the last open file with relative position of reading.
2. It supports the command line and you/he/she can be used then, without graphical user interface, for the creation of audio-books.
3. It allows to specify the format of the audio output, this is able useful venir in very particular situations, when there is the necessity to operate with some files wav of defined characteristics.
4. It allows to create some assemblages inserting, through a special KeyWord, of the fileses wav or mp3. This can be useful to introduce, during the reading, of the particular effects as a hit of cough, a laughter, or also of the you detach musical.
5. When the mp3s are saved, it is possible to specify the quality of the same, in way to be privileged the dimensions or the quality of the result.
6. And' now possible to convert some text in mp3 or wav dividing him/it in file from 5, 10 or 15 minutes each.
7. In the file "CustomTAG.TXT", it is possible to insert some personalized TAG that will appear then in the contextual menu now (for instance the expressive tags of Loquendo).



TEXT TO SPEECH:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Through the contextual menu (Right Click) it is possible to specify with what voice must be pronounces a date sentence, this it makes the creation of dialogues possible among different voices.
It is likewise possible to insert special TAG that allows to modify the characteristics of the voice while you/he/she is speaking (speed, volume, frequency etc).



OPTIONS AUDIO:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

And' possible to specify the card audio in which to redirect the output and, above all, the bitrate of the voices that he is using. It always needs to try to use the same bitrate from the voices in use, in contrary case, losses of quality or the effect can you/they can be had (as if the voice spoke to a can).
In general, the settaggio used by the most greater part of the synthetic voices is: "16 Khzes 16 Mono Bit", while the voices of Microsoft use "22 Khzes 16 Mono Bit."
These settaggis are particularly important when a conversion effects him in file Wav or Mp3.



CONVERSION IN FILE WAV OR MP3:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

And' possible to use DSpeech for the conversion of the text in a file Wav or Mp3. If the formed mp3 is chosen, the possibility is given to specify the characteristics of the compression, in fact it can be settata so that to privilege the dimensions, the quality audio of the produced file, or so that to get a balanced thing.



EDITING DI THE TEXT:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides the functions of standard editing (find, replace, cut etc.) a particular function is integrated, her "Remove Useless Return Carriage." It serves to eliminate all the present useless carriage return in the text that you/they could limit the fluidity of the reading from the artificial voices. In fact, often understands that a text, for reasons for pagination, contains a series of carriage return that you/they would negatively go to impattare to the quality of reading from the TTS.



CREATION OF AUDIOLIBRI:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A series of options they are supported for the creation of audiolibri, in particolar way, the possibility to divide the text in more file of tot minute each. And' also possible to use the manual subdivision of the text in files. In this case, it is necessary to insert the KeyWord #BREAK every time that is wanted to change file.
Through the voice of menu "Append" it is possible to unite more fileses of text one behind the other.
Between the one and the other one the KeyWord will be inserted #automatically BREAK so that to allow the subdivision of the text separate files.
And' also possible to insert a break to the beginning of the text, so that to maintain the compatibility with the readers CD or older mp3.



VOCAL RECOGNITION:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DSpeech supports a system of vocal recognition that, united to a simple system of script, it makes him/it in degree to create interactive dialogues with the consumer of the type:
CONSUMER: "Computer"
PC: "Ready computer, who are? "
CONSUMER: "Dimio"
PC: "Welcome then"
Etc.

The system of script is very similar to the BASIC, for now the following KeyWordses are supported:


#VOICE NomeVoce
#I GIVE
#EXIT DO
#LOOP
#RECOGNIZE Parola1, [Parola2], [OTHER_WORDS]...
#RECOGNIZE_WITH_TIMEOUT Secondi, Parola1, [Parola2], [OTHER_WORDS]...
#IF RECOGNIZED Parola1, [Parola2], [OTHER_WORDS]...
#IF TIMEOUT
#END IF
#CALL NomeSub
#Sub NomeSub
#END SUB
#RANDOM
#HOUSES
#END RANDOM
#EXECUTE PathFileOProgramma
#OPEN FileToSpeech.txt
#STOP
#BREAK
#PLAY FileName.wav
#WAIT nSecondi
#CLOSE


In the contextual menu (right-click) it is possible to find all these KEYWORDSs with relative Examples.
I am not to explain the syntax considering that you/he/she can deduce her/it in more intuitive way from the examples themselves.
In every case, an example of script for the vocal recognition could be the following:


#VOICE Marco
I am Angelus the computer of Dimitri. You who are?
#DO
 #RECOGNIZE Dimitri, Gloria, OTHER_WORDS
 #IF RECOGNIZED Dimitri
  Angelus waiting for instructions.
  #EXIT DO
 #END IF 
 #IF RECOGNIZED Gloria
  You have mistaken computer, yours is that of side.
  #EXIT DO
 #END IF 
 #IF RECOGNIZED OTHER_WORDS
  #RANDOM
  #CASE
   Can you repeat please? I have not understood your name.
  #CASE
   What have you said? Can you Repeat?
  #CASE
   I have not understood what you have said, perhaps, simply, your name I don't know him/it.
  #END RANDOM
 #END IF 
#LOOP


The system of recognition, founds unfortunately entirely for now him on the phonetics English, for which, to make to recognize some words, can be necessary to suit her for the pronunciation English. For instance, to make to recognize to the computer the word "Russia" it needs to write "Rassya."



SHORTCUTS:
~~~~~~~~~~

All the functions of the interface solo in partnership to of the shortcuts of keyboard, the followings special keys are supported besides:

  F1 = you Go to the box of editing
  F4 = Pause/Resume
  F5 = Speak/Stop
  F6 or ALT + UP = Speak Previous Line
  F7 or ALT + LEFT = Speak Current Line
  F8 or ALT + DOWN = Speak Next Line
  F9 or ALT + RIGHT = Speak From Cursor
  F11 = it Passes to the preceding voice
  F12 = it Passes to the following voice
  ESC = Stop
  ALT+1 = it Increases the volume
  ALT+2 = it Decreases the volume
  ALT+3 = it Increases the speed
  ALT+4 = it Decreases the speed
  ALT+5 = it Increases the pitch
  ALT+6 = it Decreases the pitch



COMMAND LINE:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It's possible to specify a file name to open and automatically reproduce. This allows to perform in automatic way a script.


SYNTAX:

DSPEECH.ExE [/Play] [/Speak] [/Wav] [/Mp3] [/Ogg] [/Hidden|/HiddenFix] [FileToSpeech.txt]


COMMAND LINE SAMPLES:

- To open a file:

DSpeech.exe source.txt

- To start a file reproduction: 

DSpeech.exe /Play source.txt

- To speak aloud a short sentence: 

DSpeech.exe /Speak Hello!

- To convert a text file to mp3: 

DSpeech.exe /mp3 source.txt [destination.mp3]

- To convert a text file to ogg: 

DSpeech.exe /ogg source.txt [destination.ogg]

- To convert a text file to wav: 

DSpeech.exe /wav source.txt [destination.wav]



SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

With Windows NT/2000, needs first to install the packet MS-SAPI5.1 scaricabile from the site Microsoft or also from one of the following links: 

http://aldostools.mysite4now.com/sapi51.msi
http://www.arlington.com.au/sapi51.msi

With Windows NT/2000, if he/she is wanted to use the vocal recognition, it needs to also install the engine for the recognition; this can be done or unloading and installing from the site MS the whole packet SAPI 5.1 SDKs (60MB) that he/she understands him/it, or (recommended choice) unloading the alone engine (30MB) from this link: 

http://clans.gameclubcentral.com/shoot/SR.zip

Windows XP/2003/VISTA doesn't need two anybody considering that you/he/she has already included them.

DSpeech asks for a resolution than at least 1024x768.
DSpeech doesn't is not make a will on systems Windows 9x.



THE VOICES:
~~~~~~~~~~~

DSpeech, uses the installed voices in the system, of default, on Windows XP there is only Microsoft SAM (in English besides), while, if MS-SAPI5.1 is installed on Windows NT/2000, disposition they will be had to other two voices (Mike and Mary) also them in English.
The consumers of XP can unload here her from:

http://download.microsoft.com/download/speechSDK/SDK/5.1/WXP/EN-US/Sp5TTIntXP.exe

These last, is surely best of SAM, but their quality is really scarce if compared with voices of third parts (difference is abysmal), for which he recommends to unload of it and to install of it of the others. Unfortunately The best are to payment and, it is not even at times easy to give her for him in legal way. In every case, to the top of the category we find the voices of the manufacturing segentis:

Acapela (clear and intelligible voices but not the maximum in terms of naturalness).
Cepstral (they are those with the good relationship prezzo/prestazioni, the quality it is not to the same levels of the most expensive voices, but they are valid however).
Loquendo (Very good, especially in terms of naturalness and expressiveness, they also cost so much).
RealSpeak (Surely good).
VoiceWare (Also these are not quite badly, but there are not Italian).
Ivona (Probably the best).



Notes:
~~~~~~

When a file mp3 is inserted in the text, kind if of big dimensions, a small break can be warned between the reproduction of the preceding line and the reproduction of the audio file, this is normal and it doesn't constitute a bug, in every case, when he goes to save the result in the form of file wav or mp3, the break it disappears completely.

For the compression in mp3 the codec is used Blades (www.mp3dev.org), it corresponds to the file "Lame.exe" included in the packet.



CODERS:
~~~~~~~

Dimitrios Coutsoumbas (Dimio)
SKYPE  : katafratto
ICQ    : 145633952
E-MAIL : cyberdimio@gmail.com
HOME   : http://dimio.altervista.org/



BETA-TESTERS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Talksina (talksina@gmail.com)

2016年4月28日木曜日

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